Sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, has been extensively studied for its impact on brain health. Recent systematic reviews and research have provided valuable insights into how sleep apnea affects brain structure, cognitive functions, and potentially contributes to neurodegenerative diseases.
Brain Structure Alterations: Studies using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can lead to changes in white matter integrity, particularly in regions associated with mood, autonomic, and cardiovascular regulation. These alterations are indicative of impaired brain health and functionality (M. Rostampour et al., 2020).
Cognitive Impairments: Research highlights that OSA patients may experience cognitive impairments, including difficulties with memory, attention, and executive functions. These cognitive issues have been linked to the neuroanatomical changes observed in OSA patients, emphasizing the need for further investigation into specific cognitive deficits and their relationship with sleep apnea severity (S. Celle et al., 2016).
Relationship with Neurodegenerative Diseases: There is growing evidence to suggest a link between OSA and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OSA may induce neurodegenerative changes through mechanisms such as sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxia, leading to inflammation, cellular stress, and cognitive dysfunction. These changes can overlap with those observed in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the importance of early treatment to alleviate structural and functional deterioration (W. Pan & A. Kastin, 2014).
Impact on Quality of Life and Cognitive Functions: OSA has been shown to impair health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and cognitive functions. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) appears to improve HRQOL, indicating the potential benefits of addressing sleep apnea for enhancing brain health and overall well-being (C. Moyer et al., 2001).
Improvement after Treatment: There is evidence suggesting that CPAP treatment can improve cognitive deficits associated with OSA. However, more research is needed to evaluate the effects of other therapies on cognitive function, highlighting the significance of CPAP in the management of sleep apnea and its implications for brain health (Isabella Pollicina et al., 2021).
In conclusion, sleep apnea poses significant risks to brain health, affecting brain structure, cognitive functions, and potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment, particularly with CPAP, can mitigate these effects and improve quality of life. Further research is essential to fully understand the complex relationships between sleep apnea, brain health, and cognitive functions.